What Makes a Drum |
Drums can be classified as an
open head or tight head.
- An open head has a removable lid that is secured on the
drum with a locking band. Some open head containers
have a lug cover that is crimped on.
- A tight head is a drum that does not have a removable lid.
This drum has fittings in the top which allow
for filling and pouring. These fittings vary accordingly to
the material of the drum.The standard for 55 gallon
steel drum is a steel 2" and 3/4" fittings; whereas
a 55 gallon Plastic drum has a 2" plastic
buttress and a 2" plastic NPT.
|
Drums are manufactured
in various materials-here are a few:
- Steel
- Plastic
- Fiber
|
Drums come in a variety of
sizes.
- The size of the drum varies accordingly to customers request.
Such as 5 gallon, 30, 55, 85, 110 etc.
|
Some drums are certified for hazardous
material
- Regulated Drums are drums that have to meet a particular UN
rating accordingly to the hazardous materials being
contained. |
| |
- What is a Hazardous Material-A
hazardous material is any substance or material that
is capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety,
and property when transported in commerce. |
| |
- Hazardous materials are rather
complex- especially when other terms are used to define
it, such as hazardous substance, marine pollutants, hazardous
waste. It is the shipper's responsibility to know
what the product is classified as. This allows him/her
to identify the minimum UN requirement that container has to
meet. |
| |
- Non-Regulated Drums are drums
that do not have to meet a UN number. Some materials
are not classified as a Hazardous Material.
|
How does this effect you?
- If you, in the course of your
job duties, directly affect the safety of hazmat in transportation,
you are considered a hazmat employee. Even though
you do not come in direct contact with the hazardous
material, you have an effect on the process
|
Where can you find additional
information?
-There are numerous books of regulation that you can explore.
Here are a few: |
| |
- Code of Federal regulations
- HM-181 and HM-126F
- Dangerous Goods Regulations
- Transportation of Dangerous Goods. |
| - There are several websites you
can visit also. |
| |
- www.access.gpo.gov
- www.cfr.low.cornell.edu
|
Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) |
The Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) is a codification of the general and permanent rules of
the Federal Government, which is published in the Federal Register.
THe Code is divided into 50 titles which represent broad areas
subjected to Federal Regulations. Each title is divided into
chapters which usually bear the name of the issuing agency.
Each chapter is further subdivided into parts covering specific
regulatory areas.
Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) govern the safety aspects
of transportation of hazardous material in commerce. The Hazardous
Materials Regulations are administered by the Department of
Transportation (DO), and are found in the Code of Federal Regulations
(CF), Title 49_ TRANSPORTATION, parts 100 to 177 to 199. These
regulations contain detailed instructions on how hazardous materials
have to be identified, packaged, marked, labeled, documented,
and placard. Shipments no in compliance with the applicable
regulations may not be offered or accepted for transportation.
Within the regulatory process, the CFR is used to determine
packaging that can be used for shipping regulated products,
such as flammable, toxic, and corrosive products.
The general requirements in Title 49 CFR 173.24 and the test
requirements outlined in TITLE 40 CFR 178.601 are intended to
ensure that packaging containing hazardous materials can withstand
the normal rigorous conditions of transportation. The test requirements
in Title 49 CFR 178.601 are MINIMUM requirements. Each packaging
must be manufactured and assembled to successfully pass the
prescribed test and conform to the general requirements of Title
49.
It is the responsibility of the person offering a hazardous
material for transportation to ensure that such packaging are
compatible with their lading and comply with the standards and
test requirements in the CFR.
The DOT monitors all containers manufacturers and shippers of
hazardous materials. Manufacturers and shippers are routinely
inspected for compliance in such areas as record keeping and
container performance.
If a shipment is found within the transportation system not
to be in compliance with the applicable regulations, it will
be delayed. In addition, non-compliance with the applicable
regulations can subject the shipper, forwarder, and carrier,
as appropriate, to Civil Penalties- fines up to 25,000 per violations
or Criminal Penalties - finds, imprisonment of up to fives years,
or both.
A civil Penalty is generally imposed when hazardous materials
regulations are not followed. This can result when something
is not done that the regulations require to be done, such as
marking the proper name on a package, or when something is done
that the regulations prohibit such as putting a placard on a
vehicle that does not contain hazardous materials.
A Criminal Penalty is imposed when the hazardous materials regulations
are violated intentionally. A typical violation would be offering
a hazardous material package requiring a POISON label for shipment
without the label because the carrier will not accept POISON
label because the carried will not accept poison labeled packages.
|
U.N. Container
Markings |
Container markings
referenced
by corresponding letter designation
and description |
A.) Manufacturer's Identification
B.) U.N. Symbol Not: May also be 
C.) "1" designation for drum.
D.) "A" designation for Steel; "H"
designation for Plastic. "G" for Fiber
E.) "1" designation for Tight Head; "2"
designation for Open Head.
F .) Packing Group: "X" designates Groups
I,II, III
"Y"
designates Groups II, III
"Z"
designates Groups III
G.) Solids must show max gross weight in kilograms and
"S" i.e. 30/S. Non0viscous liquids must show
specific gravity and max test pressure in kPA. (Note:
If specific gravity is 1.2 or less it may be eliminated.)
Viscous liquids must max gross weight in kilograms.
H.) Year of manufacture for Steel; month and year for
Plastics. (Month may appear elsewhere on bottom of Plastic
container.
I.) Country of MFG. and Competent Authority.
J.) Mfg's name, initials, or "M" registration
number as registered with Competent Authority.
K.) Container size millimeters (reusable containers only)
L.) Container/cover gage - capacity in gallons
|
 |
|
1. Drum
2. Wooden Barrel
3. Jerrican
4. Box
5. Bag
6. Composite packaging
7. Pressure receptacle
|
| 9.4.6 |
The following capital letters should
be used for the types of material: |
| |
A. Steel ( all types and surface
treatments)
B. Aluminum
C. Natural Wood
D. Plywood
F. Reconstituted wood
G. Fibre board
H. Plastic Material
L. Textile
M. Paper, multi wall
N. Metal (other than steel or aluminum)
P. Glass, porcelain or stoneware
|
| 9.4.7 |
The following types and codes of
packaging are assigned: |
| Kind |
Material |
Category |
Code |
Paragraph |
| 1. Drums |
A. Steel |
non-removable head
removable head |
1A1
1A2 |
9.6.1 |
| |
B. Aluminum |
non-removable head
removable head |
1B1
1B2 |
9.6.2 |
| |
D. Plywood |
|
1D |
9.6.4 |
| |
G. Fibre |
|
1G |
9.6.6 |
| |
H. Plastics |
non-removable head
removable head
|
1H1
1H2 |
9.6.7 |
Definitions: Clarification of
Terminology |
| UN Chapter 9: General Recommendations
on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. (Orange Book) |
| HM-181: Docket # assigned
to UN Recommendations in US before acceptance as 49 CFR. |
| CFR 49: Code of Federal Regulations
Title 49 (DOT Hazardous Materials Regulations). |
| DOT: Department of Transportation.
US Regulatory Agency for Transportation, |
| POP: Performance Oriented Packaging.
Emphasis behind UN Recommendations. |
| Specific Gravity (S. G.): Ratio of
density of a substance in relation to water. |
| Vapor Pressure: Pressure variation
within closed container attributed to change in temperature
of medium and/or environment |
| Hydrostatic Pressure: Water pressure
measured in kPA (kiloPascals) |
| COG Drop: Center -of-gravity drop.
Concentrates entire mass of pail on chime.(October 1, 19920 |
| Weight designation for Solids: Shown
in kilograms (kg) followed by "S" |
I.E. 1 kg = 2.2 lbs.
27kg = 60 lbs.
36kg = 80 lbs. |
